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| 1 | PROCUREMENT OF CHARTS OF SIZE 20” ×26”, THICK, LAMINATED ON BOTH SIDES AND ATTACHED WITH PLASTIC STRIPS |
| 2 | Biomolecules I - Important classes of compounds. |
| 3 | Water as a solvent - Water and methane, Structure of water and ice, Hydration. |
| 4 | Acids and bases - Acids and bases, pH values in the body, Buffers. |
| 5 | Redox Processes - Redox reactions, Reducing equivalents, Biological. |
| 6 | Overview - Carbohydrates overview, Monosaccharides structure. |
| 7 | Chemistry of sugar - Reactions of the monosaccharides, Polarimetry, Mutarotation. |
| 8 | Monosaccharides and Disaccharides - Important monosaccharides. |
| 9 | Polysaccharides overview - Polysaccharides structure, Important Polysaccharides. |
| 10 | Plant Polysaccharides - Cellulose, Starch. |
| 11 | Glycosaminoglycans and Glycoproteins - Hyaluronic acid, Oligosaccharide |
| 12 | Fatty acid and fats - Carboxylic acids , Structure of fats |
| 13 | Phospholipids and Glycolipids - Structure of fats, Phospholipids and Glycolipids |
| 14 | Steroid structure - Steroid building blocks, 3D structure, Thin-layer Chromatography |
| 15 | Steroid : overview - Sterols, Bile acids, Steroid hormones |
| 16 | Chemistry and properties - Amino acids: functions, Optical activity, Dissociation curve of histidine B27 |
| 17 | Proteinogenic amino acids - The proteinogenic amino acids, |
| 18 | Non-Proteinogenic amino acids - Rare amino acids, Post-translational Protein modification, Biogenic amines |
| 19 | Overview - Proteins |
| 20 | Peptide bonds - Peptide bonds, Resonance, Peptide nomenclature, Conformation space of the peptide chain |
| 21 | Secondary structures - Helix, Collagen Helix, Pleated-sheet structures, B - Turns |
| 22 | Protein folding - Folding and denaturation of ribonuclease, Energetics of protein folding |
| 23 | Molecule models : Insulin - Structure of insulin, Insulin (monomer) |
| 24 | Isolation and analysis of proteins - Salt precipitation, Dialysis, Gel filtration, SDS gel electrophoresis |
| 25 | RNA- Ribonucleic acids (RNAs), Transfer RNA (tRNA) |
| 26 | DNA- DNA: structure, Coding of genetic information |
| 27 | Molecular model: DNA and RNA- DNA: Conformation, RNA |
| 28 | Enzyme Kinetics 1 - Michaelis Menten kinetics, Isosteric and allosteric enzymes |
| 29 | Enzyme Kinetics 11- pH and temperature dependency of enzyme activity, Substrate specificity, Bisubstrate kinetics |
| 30 | Inhibitors - Types of inhibitor, Kinetics of inhibition |
| 31 | Lactate dehydrogenase : structure - Lactate dehydrogenase: structure, Isoenzymes |
| 32 | Lactate dehydrogenase: mechanism - A. Lactate dehydrogenase : catalytic cycle |
| 33 | Enzymatic analysis - Principle of spectrophotometry, Assay of lactate Dehydrogenase activity , Enzymatic determination of glucose |
| 34 | Intermediary metabolism - Intermediary metabolism : overview |
| 35 | Allosteric regulation - Aspartate carbamoyl transferase : reaction, Kinetics, R and T conformation, Structure of a dimer |
| 36 | Transcription Control - Functions of regulatory proteins, Lactose operon |
| 37 | Hormonal Control - Principles of hormone action, Hormonal regulation of glucose metabolism in the liver |
| 38 | Tricarboxylic acid cycle : reactions - Tricarboxylic acid cycle |
| 39 | Tricarboxylic acid cycle : Functions - Tricarboxylic acid cycle: functions |
| 40 | Respiratory Chain - Components of the respiratory chain, Organization |
| 41 | ATP synthesis - Redox systems of the respiratory chain, ATP synthase |
| 42 | Regulation - Respiratory control, Uncouplers |
| 43 | Glycogen metabolism - Glycogen metabolism, Glycogen balance |
| 44 | Regulation - Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism, Fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate |
| 45 | Diabetes mellitus - Insulin biosynthesis, Effects of insulin deficiency |
| 46 | Fatty acid synthesis - Fatty acid synthase |
| 47 | Protein Metabolism: over view - Protein metabolism : overview |
| 48 | Urea Cycle - Urea cycle |
| 49 | Nucleotide degradation - Degradation of nucleotides Hyperuricemia (gout) |
| 50 | Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis - Components of nucleobases, Pyrimidine and purine synthesis |
| 51 | Heme bio synthesis - Heme biosynthesis |
| 52 | Heme degradation - Degradation of heme groups |
| 53 | Structure of cell - Comparison of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Structure of an animal cell |
| 54 | Transport Processes - Permeability of membranes, Passive and active transport, Transport processes |
| 55 | Transport proteins - Transport mechanisms, Glucose transporter Glut-1, Aquaporin-1, Sarcoplasmic Ca+2 pump |
| 56 | Ion channels - Voltage-gated Na+ channel, Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, K+ channel in Streptomyces lividans |
| 57 | Membrane receptors - Principle of receptor action, Insulin receptor, 7-Helix receptors, T- cell receptor |
| 58 | Over view - Expression and transmission of genetic information |
| 59 | Genome - Chromatin, B. Histone |
| 60 | Replication - Mechanism of DNA polymerases, Replication in E. coli |
| 61 | Transcription -Transcription and maturation of RNA: overview, Organization of the PEP-CK gene, Process of transcription |
| 62 | Transcriptional Control - Initiation of transcription, Regulation of PEP-CK transcription |
| 63 | RNA Maturation - 5\" and 3\" modification of m RNA, Splicing of hnRNA, Spliceosome |
| 64 | Amino acid activation - The genetic code, Amino acid activation Asp-tRNA-Ligase (Dimer) |
| 65 | Translation 1: initiation - Structure of eukaryotic ribosomes, Polysome Initiation of translation in E. Coli |
| 66 | termination of protein biosynthesis in E. Coli |
| 67 | Antibiotics - Antibiotics: overview, Intercalators, C. Penicillin as \"suicide substrate\" |
| 68 | Mutation and Repair - Mutagenic agents, Effects, Repair mechanisms |
| 69 | DNA cloning - Restriction endonucleases, DNA cloning |
| 70 | DNA sequencing - Gene libraries, Sequencing of DNA |
| 71 | PCR and protein expression - Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA electrophoresis, Over expression of proteins |
| 72 | Genetic engineering in medicine - DNA fingerprinting, Diagnosis of sickle-cell anemia using RFLP, Evidence of viral DNA using RT-PCR, Gene therapy |
| 73 | Composition and functions - Functions of the blood, Cellular elements, Blood plasma: composition |
| 74 | Plasma proteins - Plasma proteins, Electrophoresis |
| 75 | Lipoproteins - Composition of lipoprotein complexes, Transport functions |
| 76 | Hemoglobin - Hemoglobin: structure, Hemoglobin: allosteric effects |
| 77 | Gas transport- Regulation of O2 transport, Hemoglobin and CO2 transport, Hemoglobin and CO2 transport |
| 78 | Erythrocyte metabolism - Reactive oxygen species, Biological antioxidants, Erythrocyte metabolism |
| 79 | Iron metabolism - Distribution of iron, Iron metabolism |
| 80 | Acid-base balance - Hydrogen ion concentration in the blood plasma, Acid-base balance, Buffer systems in the plasma |
| 81 | Blood clotting - Blood clotting |
| 82 | Fibrinolysis blood groups - Fibrinolysis, Blood groups: the AB0 system |
| 83 | Immune response - Simplified scheme of the immune response |
| 84 | T- cell activation - Antigen receptors, T cell activation |
| 85 | Complement system - Complement activation |
| 86 | Antibodies - Domain structure of immunoglobulin G, Classes of immunoglobulins |
| 87 | Antibodies biosynthesis - Variability of immunoglobulins, Origins of antibody variety, Biosynthesis of a light chain. |
| 88 | Monoclonal antibodies, immunoassay - Monoclonal antibodies Immunoassay |
| 89 | Functions - Diagram of a hepatocyte, Functions of the liver, Liver metabolism |
| 90 | Buffer Function in organ metabolism - Absorptive state, Post absorptive state |
| 91 | Carbohydrate metabolism – Gluconeogenesis : overview, Fructose and Galactose metabolism |
| 92 | Lipid metabolism - Lipid metabolism, Biosynthesis of ketone bodies |
| 93 | Bile acids - Bile acids and bile salts, Metabolism of bile salts |
| 94 | Biotransformation |
| 95 | Cytochrome P450 systems - Cytochrome P450 - dependent |
| 96 | Ethanol metabolism - Blood ethanol level, Ethanol metabolism, Liver damage due to alcohol |
| 97 | Functions - Functions of the kidneys, Urine formation |
| 98 | Urine-Urine, Organic constituents, Inorganic constituents |
| 99 | Function in the acid -base balance - Proton secretion, Ammonia excretion |
| 100 | Electrolyte and water recycling - Electrolyte and water recycling, Gluconeogenesis |
| 101 | Renal hormones - Renal hormones, Renin angiotensin system |
| 102 | Bone and teeth - Bone, Teeth |
| 103 | Calcium metabolism - Functions of calcium, Bone remodelling, Calcium homeostasis, |
| 104 | Collagens - Structure of collagens, Biosynthesis |
| 105 | Extracellular matrix - Extracellular matrix, Fibronectins, Proteoglycans |
| 106 | Signal transmission in the CNS - Structure of nerve cells |
| 107 | Neurotransmitters and neurohormones, Synaptic signal transmission |
| 108 | Resting potential and action potential - Resting potential, Action potential |
| 109 | Neurotransmitters - Important neurotransmitters, Biosynthesis of the catecholamines |
| 110 | Receptors for neurotransmitters -Receptors for neurotransmitters, Acetylcholine receptors, Metabolism of ecetylcholine |
| 111 | Metabolism - Energy metabolism of the brain, Glutamate, glutamine, and GABA |
| 112 | Organic substances - Energy requirement, Nutrients |
| 113 | Minerals and trace elements - Minerals |
| 114 | Lipid- soluble vitamins - Vitamin supply, Lipid-soluble vitamins |
| 115 | Water- soluble vitamins 1 - Water-soluble vitamins I |
| 116 | Water- soluble vitamins 11 - Water-soluble vitamins II |
| 117 | Basics - A. Hormones: overview, A. Hormonal regulation system |
| 118 | Plasma levels and hormone hierarchy - A. Endocrine, paracrine and autocrine hormone effects, B. Plasma level dynamics, C. Regulatory circuit, D. Hormone hierarchy |
| 119 | Lipophilic Hormones |
| 120 | Metabolism of steroid hormones - Biosynthesis of steroid hormones Inactivation of steroid hormones |
| 121 | Mechanism of action - Mechanism of action of lipophilic hormones Receptors of lipophilic hormones |
| 122 | Metabolism of Peptide Hormones - Biosynthesis, Degradation and inactivation |
| 123 | Mechanisms of action - Mechanisms of action, Signal transduction by G proteins |
| 124 | Second messengers - Cyclic AMP, Inositol 1,4,5- trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, Calcium ions |
| 125 | Signal cascades - Insulin: signal transduction, Nitrogen monoxide (NO) as a mediator |
| 126 | Eicosanoids -Eicosanoids |
| 127 | cytokines - Cytokines, Signal transduction in the cytokines |
| 128 | Cell cycle - Cell cycle, Control of the cell cycle |
| 129 | Apoptosis - Cell proliferation and apoptosis, Regulation of apoptosis. |
| 130 | Oncogenes - Proto-oncogenes: biological role, Oncogene products: biochemical functions |
| 131 | Tumors - Division behavior of cells, Transformation, |
| 132 | Cytostatic drugs- Alkylating agents, anthracyclines, Antimetabolites |
| 133 | VIRUSES - Viruses: examples, Capsid of the rhino virus |
| 134 | Calvin cycle - Calvin cycle (plant chloroplasts) |
| 135 | Carbohydrate metabolism - Carbohydrate metabolism, Biosynthesis of fats and membrane lipids |
| 136 | Membrane liquids |
| 137 | Synthesis of ketone bodies and steroids - Synthesis of ketone bodies and steroids |
| 138 | Degradation of fats and phospholipids - Degradation of fats and phospholipids |
| 139 | Biosynthesis of the essential amino-acids -Degradation of fats and phospholipids |
| 140 | Biosynthesis of the non-essential amino-acids - Biosynthesis of the non-essential amino acids |
| 141 | Amino acid degradation I |
| 142 | Amino acid degradation II |
| 143 | Ammonia metabolism - Ammonia metabolism |
| 144 | Biosynthesis of purine nucleotides - Biosynthesis of purine nucleotides |
| 145 | Biosynthesis of the pyrimidine nucleotides and - Biosynthesis of the pyrimidine nucleotides and C1 |
| 146 | Metabolism nucleotide degradation – Nucleotide degradation |
| 147 | RENOWNED SCIENTISTS CHARTSCHARTS SHOULD BE OF SIZE 20” ×26”, THICK, LAMINATED ON BOTH SIDES AND ATTACHED WITH PLASTIC STRIPS |
| 148 | Sanger Fredrick |
| 149 | Krebs, Sir Hans Adolf |
| 150 | Lehninger |
| 151 | Joseph Lister |
| 152 | Carl Neuberg, Father of Biochemistry |
| 153 | William Astbury |
| 154 | Francis Crick. |
| 155 | Arthur Kornberg |
| 156 | Peter D. Mitchell |
| 157 | Kary Mullis |
| 158 | Rosalind Franklin |
| 159 | Linus Pauling |
| 160 | James D. Watson |
