supply of items/charts to department of biochemistry , procurement of charts of size 20” ×26”, thick, laminated on both sides and attached with plastic strips , biomolecules i - important classes of compounds. , water as a solvent - water and methane, structure of water and ice, hydration. , acids and bases - acids and bases, ph values in the body, buffers. , redox processes - redox reactions, reducing equivalents, biological. , overview - carbohydrates overview, monosaccharides structure. , chemistry of sugar - reactions of the monosaccharides, polarimetry, mutarotation. , monosaccharides and disaccharides - important monosaccharides. , polysaccharides overview - polysaccharides structure, important polysaccharides. , plant polysaccharides - cellulose, starch. , glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins - hyaluronic acid, oligosaccharide , fatty acid and fats - carboxylic acids , structure of fats , phospholipids and glycolipids - structure of fats, phospholipids and glycolipids , steroid structure - steroid building blocks, 3d structure, thin-layer chromatography , steroid : overview - sterols, bile acids, steroid hormones , chemistry and properties - amino acids: functions, optical activity, dissociation curve of histidine b27 , proteinogenic amino acids - the proteinogenic amino acids, , non-proteinogenic amino acids - rare amino acids, post-translational protein modification, biogenic amines , overview - proteins , peptide bonds - peptide bonds, resonance, peptide nomenclature, conformation space of the peptide chain , secondary structures - helix, collagen helix, pleated-sheet structures, b - turns , protein folding - folding and denaturation of ribonuclease, energetics of protein folding , molecule models : insulin - structure of insulin, insulin (monomer) , isolation and analysis of proteins - salt precipitation, dialysis, gel filtration, sds gel electrophoresis , rna- ribonucleic acids (rnas), transfer rna (trna) , dna- dna: structure, coding of genetic information , molecular model: dna and rna- dna: conformation, rna , enzyme kinetics 1 - michaelis menten kinetics, isosteric and allosteric enzymes , enzyme kinetics 11- ph and temperature dependency of enzyme activity, substrate specificity, bisubstrate kinetics , inhibitors - types of inhibitor, kinetics of inhibition , lactate dehydrogenase : structure - lactate dehydrogenase: structure, isoenzymes , lactate dehydrogenase: mechanism - a. lactate dehydrogenase : catalytic cycle , enzymatic analysis - principle of spectrophotometry, assay of lactate dehydrogenase activity , enzymatic determination of glucose , intermediary metabolism - intermediary metabolism : overview , allosteric regulation - aspartate carbamoyl transferase : reaction, kinetics, r and t conformation, structure of a dimer , transcription control - functions of regulatory proteins, lactose operon , hormonal control - principles of hormone action, hormonal regulation of glucose metabolism in the liver , tricarboxylic acid cycle : reactions - tricarboxylic acid cycle , tricarboxylic acid cycle : functions - tricarboxylic acid cycle: functions , respiratory chain - components of the respiratory chain, organization , atp synthesis - redox systems of the respiratory chain, atp synthase , regulation - respiratory control, uncouplers , glycogen metabolism - glycogen metabolism, glycogen balance , regulation - regulation of carbohydrate metabolism, fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate , diabetes mellitus - insulin biosynthesis, effects of insulin deficiency , fatty acid synthesis - fatty acid synthase , protein metabolism: over view - protein metabolism : overview , urea cycle - urea cycle , nucleotide degradation - degradation of nucleotides hyperuricemia (gout) , purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis - components of nucleobases, pyrimidine and purine synthesis , heme bio synthesis - heme biosynthesis , heme degradation - degradation of heme groups , structure of cell - comparison of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, structure of an animal cell , transport processes - permeability of membranes, passive and active transport, transport processes , transport proteins - transport mechanisms, glucose transporter glut-1, aquaporin-1, sarcoplasmic ca+2 pump , ion channels - voltage-gated na+ channel, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, k+ channel in streptomyces lividans , membrane receptors - principle of receptor action, insulin receptor, 7-helix receptors, t- cell receptor , over view - expression and transmission of genetic information , genome - chromatin, b. histone , replication - mechanism of dna polymerases, replication in e. coli , transcription -transcription and maturation of rna: overview, organization of the pep-ck gene, process of transcription , transcriptional control - initiation of transcription, regulation of pep-ck transcription , rna maturation - 5 and 3 modification of m rna, splicing of hnrna, spliceosome , amino acid activation - the genetic code, amino acid activation asp-trna-ligase (dimer) , translation 1: initiation - structure of eukaryotic ribosomes, polysome initiation of translation in e. coli , termination of protein biosynthesis in e. coli , antibiotics - antibiotics: overview, intercalators, c. penicillin as suicide substrate , mutation and repair - mutagenic agents, effects, repair mechanisms , dna cloning - restriction endonucleases, dna cloning , dna sequencing - gene libraries, sequencing of dna , pcr and protein expression - polymerase chain reaction (pcr), dna electrophoresis, over expression of proteins , genetic engineering in medicine - dna fingerprinting, diagnosis of sickle-cell anemia using rflp, evidence of viral dna using rt-pcr, gene therapy , composition and functions - functions of the blood, cellular elements, blood plasma: composition , plasma proteins - plasma proteins, electrophoresis , lipoproteins - composition of lipoprotein complexes, transport functions , hemoglobin - hemoglobin: structure, hemoglobin: allosteric effects , gas transport- regulation of o2 transport, hemoglobin and co2 transport, hemoglobin and co2 transport , erythrocyte metabolism - reactive oxygen species, biological antioxidants, erythrocyte metabolism , iron metabolism - distribution of iron, iron metabolism , acid-base balance - hydrogen ion concentration in the blood plasma, acid-base balance, buffer systems in the plasma , blood clotting - blood clotting , fibrinolysis blood groups - fibrinolysis, blood groups: the ab0 system , immune response - simplified scheme of the immune response , t- cell activation - antigen receptors, t cell activation , complement system - complement activation , antibodies - domain structure of immunoglobulin g, classes of immunoglobulins , antibodies biosynthesis - variability of immunoglobulins, origins of antibody variety, biosynthesis of a light chain. , monoclonal antibodies, immunoassay - monoclonal antibodies immunoassay , functions - diagram of a hepatocyte, functions of the liver, liver metabolism , buffer function in organ metabolism - absorptive state, post absorptive state , carbohydrate metabolism – gluconeogenesis : overview, fructose and galactose metabolism , lipid metabolism - lipid metabolism, biosynthesis of ketone bodies , bile acids - bile acids and bile salts, metabolism of bile salts , biotransformation , cytochrome p450 systems - cytochrome p450 - dependent , ethanol metabolism - blood ethanol level, ethanol metabolism, liver damage due to alcohol , functions - functions of the kidneys, urine formation , urine-urine, organic constituents, inorganic constituents , function in the acid -base balance - proton secretion, ammonia excretion , electrolyte and water recycling - electrolyte and water recycling, gluconeogenesis , renal hormones - renal hormones, renin angiotensin system , bone and teeth - bone, teeth , calcium metabolism - functions of calcium, bone remodelling, calcium homeostasis, , collagens - structure of collagens, biosynthesis , extracellular matrix - extracellular matrix, fibronectins, proteoglycans , signal transmission in the cns - structure of nerve cells , neurotransmitters and neurohormones, synaptic signal transmission , resting potential and action potential - resting potential, action potential , neurotransmitters - important neurotransmitters, biosynthesis of the catecholamines , receptors for neurotransmitters -receptors for neurotransmitters, acetylcholine receptors, metabolism of ecetylcholine , metabolism - energy metabolism of the brain, glutamate, glutamine, and gaba , organic substances - energy requirement, nutrients , minerals and trace elements - minerals , lipid- soluble vitamins - vitamin supply, lipid-soluble vitamins , water- soluble vitamins 1 - water-soluble vitamins i , water- soluble vitamins 11 - water-soluble vitamins ii , basics - a. hormones: overview, a. hormonal regulation system , plasma levels and hormone hierarchy - a. endocrine, paracrine and autocrine hormone effects, b. plasma level dynamics, c. regulatory circuit, d. hormone hierarchy , lipophilic hormones , metabolism of steroid hormones - biosynthesis of steroid hormones inactivation of steroid hormones , mechanism of action - mechanism of action of lipophilic hormones receptors of lipophilic hormones , metabolism of peptide hormones - biosynthesis, degradation and inactivation , mechanisms of action - mechanisms of action, signal transduction by g proteins , second messengers - cyclic amp, inositol 1,4,5- trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, calcium ions , signal cascades - insulin: signal transduction, nitrogen monoxide (no) as a mediator , eicosanoids -eicosanoids , cytokines - cytokines, signal transduction in the cytokines , cell cycle - cell cycle, control of the cell cycle , apoptosis - cell proliferation and apoptosis, regulation of apoptosis. , oncogenes - proto-oncogenes: biological role, oncogene products: biochemical functions , tumors - division behavior of cells, transformation, , cytostatic drugs- alkylating agents, anthracyclines, antimetabolites , viruses - viruses: examples, capsid of the rhino virus , calvin cycle - calvin cycle (plant chloroplasts) , carbohydrate metabolism - carbohydrate metabolism, biosynthesis of fats and membrane lipids , membrane liquids , synthesis of ketone bodies and steroids - synthesis of ketone bodies and steroids , degradation of fats and phospholipids - degradation of fats and phospholipids , biosynthesis of the essential amino-acids -degradation of fats and phospholipids , biosynthesis of the non-essential amino-acids - biosynthesis of the non-essential amino acids , amino acid degradation i , amino acid degradation ii , ammonia metabolism - ammonia metabolism , biosynthesis of purine nucleotides - biosynthesis of purine nucleotides , biosynthesis of the pyrimidine nucleotides and - biosynthesis of the pyrimidine nucleotides and c1 , metabolism nucleotide degradation – nucleotide degradation , renowned scientists charts charts should be of size 20” ×26”, thick, laminated on both sides and attached with plastic strips , sanger fredrick , krebs, sir hans adolf , lehninger , joseph lister , carl neuberg, father of biochemistry , william astbury , francis crick. , arthur kornberg , peter d. mitchell , kary mullis , rosalind franklin , linus pauling , james d. watson